Charles C. Wade

I specialize in design, fabrication, and automation, focusing on digital fabrication technologies. My interest lies in creating new methods that combine automation with design to improve the construction of complex engineered objects.

I earned my B.S. in Computer Science & Engineering from the University of Toledo in 2021. After my undergraduate studies, I worked as a research scientist at Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s Manufacturing Demonstration Facility. There, I contributed to the development of ORNL Slicer 2, a toolpath planning software for 3D printers, focusing on integrating sensor-driven controls, process modeling, and design optimization to enhance additive manufacturing systems.

Currently, I am pursuing a PhD in Computer Science at the University of Colorado Boulder, working in the Matter Assembly Computation Laboratory led by Dr. Robert MacCurdy. My research is centered on developing automated methods for the design and optimization of additively manufactured objects. I am particularly focused on optimization-driven design, enhancing multi-material additive manufacturing, and developing novel printing systems. A significant achievement during my PhD has been the creation of OpenVCAD, an open-source toolkit for the design and fabrication of functionally graded and multi-material objects. My work spans various application areas, including lattice structures for impact mitigation, soft robotics, pre-surgical planning models, and developing new meta-materials.

news

Dec 5, 2023	I am excited to announce the publication of my paper titled “OpenVCAD: An Open Source Volumetric Multi-Material Geometry Compiler” in the journal Additive Manufacturing. This project is the culmination of the first major project during my PhD studies. The project is open source for researchers and hobbyists. For more information, please visit the dedicated website at matterassembly.org/openvcad.
Nov 27, 2023	My paper, Determining Optimal Print Orientation Using GPU-Accelerated Convex Hull Analysis, was published at SCF ‘23: Symposium on Computational Fabrication! Check the paper out here. This work was implemented into the open-source Oak Ridge National Laboratory Slicer 2 project.
Oct 6, 2023	A recent blog post on the Oak Ridge National Laboratory website highlights the outcome of a project I was involved in at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Our team successfully 3D printed a prototype rover wheel for NASA. My role in this project focused on the development of an innovative real-time slicing workflow. This was crucial for generating the billions of G-code commands required to precisely construct the wheel.
Mar 21, 2023	I was selected for the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory Scholar Program! This fellowship program will provide me with funding and the chance to collaboration with Draper researchers for the duration on my PhD studies.
Sep 1, 2022	I recently presented at the 2022 International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium on a novel method to reduce motion command in 3D-printing using curve fitting.

selected publications

OpenVCAD: An open source volumetric multi-material geometry compiler

Charles Wade, Graham Williams, Sean Connelly, Braden Kopec, and Robert MacCurdy

Additive Manufacturing, 2024

Abs Bib PDF Code Website

Modern additive manufacturing has made significant advancements in multi-material fabrication techniques that allow for position-specific control of material deposition. With these advancements, design tools have fallen behind machine capabilities in specifying volumetric information. Traditionally, design and fabrication workflows have expressed multi-material objects as several single-material bodies. By storing only the information about the surfaces of the geometries, information about the volumetric composition of the solids is unrepresented. The intense interest in compliant mechanisms and meta-materials demands a new design method that can support architecting material distribution throughout an object. To address these needs, we present OpenVCAD, an open-source volumetric design compiler with multi-material capabilities. OpenVCAD provides a scriptable suite of geometric and material design methods that enable efficient representation of object with complex geometry and material distributions. OpenVCAD allows functional specification of multi-material volumes that are parameterized on spatial locations, yielding complex multi-material distributions that would be impossible to describe using alternative methods. This paper will present the OpenVCAD pipeline, compare it to related work, and demonstrate its use through the design and manufacturing of functionally graded multi-material components.
@article{OpenVCAD, title = {OpenVCAD: An open source volumetric multi-material geometry compiler}, journal = {Additive Manufacturing}, pages = {103912}, year = {2024}, issn = {2214-8604}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addma.2023.103912}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214860423005250}, author = {Wade, Charles and Williams, Graham and Connelly, Sean and Kopec, Braden and MacCurdy, Robert}, keywords = {Volumetric design, Multi-material additive manufacturing, Meta-materials, Lattice-structures, InkJet 3D printing, Functional grading}, }
Determining Optimal Print Orientation Using GPU-Accelerated Convex Hull Analysis

Charles Wade, Breanne Crockett, Michael Borish, and Robert Maccurdy

In Proceedings of the 8th ACM Symposium on Computational Fabrication, 2023

Abs Bib PDF Code Slides

In fused filament fabrication (FFF), the orientation of a part within the printer volume can dramatically affect print quality and probability of success. An object’s orientation determines how much support structure will be required and the strength of adhesion between the deposited material and the build surface. Selecting a part’s orientation is a non-trivial problem that users of FFF slicing software face routinely. Numerous part orientations need to be considered to find the best according to the results of the slicing process. This paper presents a method to automatically determine an optimal printing orientation for FFF that maximizes build-surface adhesion while minimizing the need for support structure. The algorithm considers the slicing angle and a configurable angle for overhang that requires supporting structure. By employing GPU acceleration and convex hull analysis to limit candidate orientations, the algorithm can run in real time as a preprocessing aid to users slicing parts.
@inproceedings{10.1145/3623263.3623360, author = {Wade, Charles and Crockett, Breanne and Borish, Michael and Maccurdy, Robert}, title = {Determining Optimal Print Orientation Using GPU-Accelerated Convex Hull Analysis}, year = {2023}, isbn = {9798400703195}, publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3623263.3623360}, doi = {10.1145/3623263.3623360}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 8th ACM Symposium on Computational Fabrication}, articleno = {4}, numpages = {9}, keywords = {additive manufacturing, GPU acceleration, toolpath-planning, optimization, computer-aided design}, location = {, New York City, NY, USA, }, series = {SCF '23}, }

ORNL Slicer 2

Alex Roschli, Michael Borish, Abigail Barnes, Charles Wade, Breanne Crockett, Liam White, and Cameron Adkins

2023

Bib Code Slides

@misc{doecode_97742,
  title = {ORNL Slicer 2},
  journal = {Open Source Copyright},
  year = {2023},
  author = {Roschli, Alex and Borish, Michael and Barnes, Abigail and Wade, Charles and Crockett, Breanne and White, Liam and Adkins, Cameron},
  abstractnote = {ORNL Slicer 2 is a slicing program for additive manufacturing. It takes a solid body mesh object, typically as .STL file, and converts that into machine readable instructions, called g-code, that a 3D printer can use to build the object. The functionality includes loading and positioning an object, slicing it into layers, fitting toolpaths to the layers, and outputting g-code to construct the object. All of this is contained within a graphical user interface (GUI) that allows the user to define all of the settings specific to their machine and process, then preview the resultant g-code before starting the printing process.},
}

Hybrid Curve Fitting for Reducing Motion Commands in Object Construction

Charles Wade, and Michael Borish

In 2022 International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium, 2022

Bib PDF

@inproceedings{wade2022hybrid,
  title = {Hybrid Curve Fitting for Reducing Motion Commands in Object Construction},
  author = {Wade, Charles and Borish, Michael},
  booktitle = {2022 International Solid Freeform Fabrication Symposium},
  year = {2022},
}

A GPU-based Approach for Path Planning Optimization via Travel Length Reduction

Michael Borish, and Charles Wade

Procedia Manufacturing, 2021

Bib PDF

@article{borish2021gpu,
  title = {A GPU-based Approach for Path Planning Optimization via Travel Length Reduction},
  author = {Borish, Michael and Wade, Charles},
  journal = {Procedia Manufacturing},
  volume = {53},
  pages = {310--317},
  year = {2021},
  publisher = {Elsevier},
}